ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
CURRICULUM RESOURCE GUIDEBOOK
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
COURSES
(PART 2)
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
CURRICULUM RESOURCE GUIDEBOOK
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
COURSES
(PART 2)
table of contentsEditors: Pfeffer, Pulido, Roberts, Rosa, Wright
All materials copyright editor(s).
Department of Rural Sociology
Cornell University
Rural Sociology 324/Science and Technology Studies 324
Cornell University
Fall 1995
Professor: Max J. Pfeffer
Office: Warren Hall 331
E-mail: mjp5@cornell.edu
Telephone: 255-1676
Office hours: 3:00-5:00 PM, Wednesdays or by appointment only
Teaching Assistant: James Kitts
Office: Warren 233A
E-mail:
Telephone 255-3159
Office hours:
Course Objectives
The main objective of the course is to help you develop a critical understanding of the dominant trends in modern U.S. environmental thought. These include preservationism, conservationism, deep ecology, eco- feminism, social ecology, NIMBYism, and environmental justice. Many of these areas of thought are part of a set of loosely integrated ideas some consider an alternative social paradigm rooted in ecological concerns and principles. We will compare environmentalist thought with liberal, or free market, economics and positivist science. Another course objective is to familiarize you with the sociological dimensions of some major contemporary substantive environmental problems and policies. These topics include air and water quality, public lands management, biodiversity, deforestation, climate change, and ozone depletion.
Required Textbooks
Dunlap, Riley and Angela G. Mertig (eds.). American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
A packet of additional required reading is available at the Cornell Campus Store.
Requirements
1. Three examinations (two preliminaries and one final)
These will consist primarily of essays administered through a combination of
take-home and in-class questions. If the class wishes, we will arrange to hold review sessions prior to each exam.
2. Term Paper
Students must write a term paper on an environmental issue of their choice.
This essay should relate to a major topic covered in class. The paper should
be approximately ten pages (typed, double-spaced with conventional margins), plus an appropriate bibliography. Paper topics must be approved by Professor Pfeffer.
3. Regular attendance and completion of all assigned readings.
Grading
Requirement Percentage of Grade
Examination 1 25
Examination 2 25
Final examination 25
Term Paper 25
TOTAL 100
Schedule, Topic and Reading Assignment
September 1 Introduction and Orientation
September 4 Environmentalism and Conservation
Reading required:
Babbit, Bruce. "Science: Opening the Next Chapter of Conservation History." Science 267(March):1954-1955,1995.
Tokar, Brian. "Between the Loggers and the Owls: The Clinton Northwest Forest Plan." The Ecologist 24(4):149-153, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Caufield, Henry P. "The Conservation and Environmental Movements: An Historical Analysis." Pp. 13-55 in James P. Lester(ed.), Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence. Durham: Duke University Press, 1989.
Koppes, Clayton R. "Efficiency, Equity, Esthetics: Shifting Themes in American Conservation." Pp. 230-251 in Donald Worster (ed.), The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Short, Brant C. "America's Conservation Consensus: Origins of the Public Lands Debate." Pp. 4-9 in Brant C. Short, Ronald Reagan and the Public Lands: American's Conservation Debate, 1979-1984. College Station: Texas A&M University, 1979.
September 6 Environmentalism and Preservation
Reading required:
Watkins, T.H. "The Hundred-Million-Acre Understanding." Audubon96(5): 36-106, 1994.
Daniel, John. "Toward Wild Heartlands." Audubon 96(5): 38-106, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven:Yale University Press, 1967.
September 8 National Parks and National Forests in American Environmentalism
Reading required:
Anderson, H. Michael. "Reforming National-Forest Policy." Issues in Science and Technology 10(2): 40-47, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Sax, Joseph L. "Parks, Wilderness, and Recreation." Pp. 114-140 in Michael J. Lacey (ed.), Governments and Environmental Politics: Essays on Historical Developments Since World War Two. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993.
Kelly, John R. "Wildland Recreation and Urban Society: Critical Perspectives." Pp. 33-50 in Alan W. Ewert, Deborah J. Chavez and Arthur W. Magill, Culture, Conflict, and Communication in the Wildland-Urban Interface. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
Rosenbaum, Walter A., "Our 700 Million Acres: The Battle for Public Lands." Pp. 270-299 in Walter A. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991.
September 11 Contemporary Environmentalism
Reading required:
Dunlap, Riley E. and Angela G. Mertig. "The Evolution of the U.S. Environmental Movement from 1970 to 1990: An Overview." Pp. 1-10 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
McCloskey, Michael. "Twenty Years of Change in the Environmental Movement: An Insider's View." Pp. 77-88 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Sheail, John. "Green History: The Evolving Agenda." Rural History: Economy, Society, Culture 4(2): 209-223, 1993.
Hayes, Denis. "Earth Day 1990: Threshold of a Green Decade." Natural History April: 55-58, 67-70, 1993.
Mitchell, Robert Cameron. "Silent Spring/Solid Majorities." Public Opinion 2:16-20, 1979.
September 13 Domestic Environmental Policy Alternatives
Reading required:
John, Dewitt. "Civic Environmentalism." Issues in Science and Technology 10(4): 30-34, 1994.
Karliner, Joshua. "The Environment Industry: Profiting from Pollution." The Ecologist 24(2): 59-63, 1994.
Mitchell, Robert Cameron, Angela G. Mertig, and Riley E. Dunlap. "Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization: Trends Among National Environmental Organizations." Pp. 11-26 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Hahn, Robert W. "United States Environmental Policy: Past, Present and Future." Natural Resources Journal 34(2): 305-348, 1994.
Freeman, A. Myrick II. "Economies, Incentives, and Environmental Regulation." Pp. 145-167 in Norman J. Vig and Michael Kraft (eds.), Environmental Policy in the 1990s: Toward a New Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1994.
Fessler, P. "A Quarter-Century of Activism Erected a Bulwark of Laws." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 48: 154-56, 1990.
Glance, Natalie S. and Bernardo A. Huberman. "The Dynamic of Social Dilemmas." Scientific American 270(3): 76-81, 1990.
Ingram, Helen M. and Dean E. Mann. "Interest Groups and Environmental Policy." Pp. 135-157 in James P. Lester (ed.), Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence. Durham: Duke University Press, 1989.
Rosenbaum, Walter A. "The Bureaucracy and Environmental Policy." Pp. 212-237 in James P. Lester (ed.), Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence. Durham: Duke University Press,1989.
September 15 Clean Air Policies
Reading required:
Nixon, Will. "The Air Down There." The Amicus Journal Summer: 42-45, 1994.
Popper, Frank J. "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally." Technology Review April: 46-53,1992.
Reading suggested:
Schroeder, Christopher. "The Evolution of Federal Regulations of Toxic Substances." Pp. 263-313 in Michael J. Lacey (ed.), Government and Environmental Politics: Essays on Historical Developments Since World War Two. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993.
Rosenbaum, Walter A., "The Unfinished Agenda: Air and Water." Pp. 169-211 in Walter A. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991.
September 18 Clean Water Policies
Reading required:
Foran, Jeffery A. and Robert W. Adler. "Cleaner Water, But Not Clean Enough." Issues in Science and Technology 10 (2): 33-39, 1994.
Knopman, Debra and Richard A. Smith. "20 Years of the Clean Water Act: Has U.S. Water Quality Improved?" Environment 35(1): 17-20, 34-41, 1993.
Reading suggested:
Moore, Susan, Margot Murphy and Ray Watson. "A Longitudinal Study of Domestic Water Conservation Behavior." Population and Environment 16(2): 175-189, 1994.
Derr, Mark. "Redeeming the Everglades." Audubon October: 48-56, 128-131, 1993.
Rosenbaum, Walter A. "The Unfinished Agenda: Air and Water." Pp. 169-211 in Walter A. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991.
September 20 The Regulation of Toxic Substances
Reading required:
Graham, John D. and March Sadowitz. "Superfund Reform: Reducing Risk through Community Choice." Issues in Science and Technology 10(4): 35-40, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Williams, Ted. "The Sabotage of Superfund." Audubon July/August:30-37, 1993.
Rosenbaum, Walter A. "A Chemical Plague: Toxic and Hazardous Substances." Pp. 212-239 in Walter A. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991.
September 22 Environmental Destruction and Restoration
Reading required:
Cairns, John Jr. "Ecosocietal Restoration: Reestablishing Humanity's Relationship with Natural Systems." Environment 37(5): 4-9, 1995.
Holloway, Marguerite. "Nurturing Nature." Scientific American April: 98-108, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Teclaff, Ludwik A. "Beyond Restoration--The Case of Ecocide." Natural Resources Journal 34(4): 933-956, 1994.
September 25 Deep Ecology
Reading required:
Devall, Bill. "Deep Ecology and Radical Environmentalism." Pp. 51-62 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Borelli, Peter. "The Ecophilosophers." Amicus Journal Spring: 30-39, 1988.
Russell, Dick. "The Monkey Wrenchers." Pp. 27-49 in Peter Borelli (ed.), Crossroads: Environmental Priorities for the Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1989.
September 27 Eco-Feminism
Reading required:
Slicer, Deborah. "Is There an Ecofeminism--Deep Ecology 'Debate'?" Environmental Ethics 17: 151- 169, 1995.
Reading suggested:
Birkeland, Janis. "Ecofeminism" Linking Theory and Practice." Pp.13-59 in Greta Gaard (ed.), Ecofeminism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
Kheel, Marti. "Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology: Reflections on Identity and Difference." Trumpeter 8(2): 62-72, 1991.
Plumwood, Val. "Nature, Self, and Gender: Feminism, Environmental Philosophy, and the Critique of Rationalism." Hypatia 6(1): 3-27, 1991.
September 29 Social Ecology
Reading required:
Tokar, Brian. "Social Ecology, Deep Ecology, and the Future of Green Political Thought." The Ecologist 18(4/5): 132-142, 1988.
Reading suggested:
Sale, Kirkpatrick. "Silent Spring and After: The U.S. Movement Today." The Nation 257(3): 92-95, 1993.
Bookchin, Murray. Remaking Society. New York: Black Rose Books, 1989.
October 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 1
October 4 Science, Politics and Environmental Conflict
Reading required:
Susskind, Lawrence and Sarah McKearnan. "Enlightened Conflict Resolution." Technology Review April: 70-72, 1995.
Oppenheimer, Michael. "Context, Connection, and Opportunity in Environmental Problem Solving." Environment 37(5): 10-15, 1995.
Reading suggested:
Andrews, Richard. "Risk Assessment: Regulation and Beyond." Pp.167-186 in Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (eds.), Environmental Policy in the 1990s: Toward a New Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994.
Dietz, Thomas, Paul Stern and Robert W. Rycroft. "Definitions of Conflict and the Legitimation of Environmental Risk." Sociological Forum 4(1): 47-70, 1989.
Freudenberg, Nicolas. "Science and Politics: The Limitations of Environmental Health Research." Pp. 42-59 in Nicolas Freudenberg (ed.), Not in Our Backyards! Community Action for Health and the Environment. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984.
Brinkman, Ronald and Sheila Jasanoff. "Concept of Risk and Safety in Toxic-Substance Regulation: A Comparison of France and theUnited States." Pp. 203-213 in Dean E. Mann (ed.), Environmental Policy Formation: The Impact of Values, Ideology, and Standards. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1981.
October 6 Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)
Reading required:
Glance, Natalie S. and Bernardo A. Huberman. "The Dynamics of Social Dilemmas." Scientific American March: 76-81, 1994.
Freudenburg, Nicolas and Carol Steinsapir. "Not in Our Backyards: The Grassroots Environmental Movement." Pp. 27-35 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Mazamanian, Daniel and David Morell. "The 'Nimby' Syndrome: Facility Siting and the Failure of Democratic Discourse." Pp. 125-143 in Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (eds.), Environmental Policy in the 1990s: Toward a New Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994.
Taylor, Dorceta E. "Environmentalism and the Politics of Inclusion." Pp. 53-63 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Walsh, Edward, Rex Warland, and D. Clayton Smith. "Backyards, NIMBYs, and Incinerator Sitings: Implications for Social Movement Theory." Social Problems 40(1): 25-38, 1993.
October 11 The Geographic Distribution of Environmental Hazards
Reading required:
Vollers, Maryanne. "Everyone Has Got to Breathe." Audubon March-April: 65-73, 1995.
Greenberg, Michael. "Proving Environmental Inequity in Siting Locally Unwanted Land Uses." Risk: Issues in Health and Safety 4: 235-252, 1993.
Reading suggested:
Collin, Robert W. and William Harris, Sr. "Race and Waste in Two Virginia Communities." Pp. 93- 106 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Bailey, Conner, Charles E. Faupel, and James H. Gundlach. "Environmental Politics in Alabama's Blackbelt." Pp. 107-122 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Hamilton, Cynthia. "Coping with Industrial Exploitation." Pp. 63-76 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Pulido, Laura. "Sustainable Development at Granado del Valle." Pp.123-140 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
October 13 Chemical Valley
Reading required:
Sheppard, Judi Anne Caron. "The Black-White Environmental Concern Gap: An Examination of Environmental Paradigms." Journal of Environmental Education 26(2): 24-35, 1995.
Reading suggested:
Phoenix, Janet. "Getting the Lead out of the Community." Pp. 77-92 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Pea, Devon and Joseph Gallegos. "Nature and Chicanos in Southern Colorado." Pp. 141-160 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Moses, Marion. "Farmworkers and Pesticides." Pp. 161-178 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
October 16 Environmental Discrimination and Social Inequality
Reading required:
Taylor, Dorceta. "Environmentalism and the Politics of Inclusion." Pp. 53-62 in Robert D. Bullard, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Reading suggested:
Capex, Stella M. "The "Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application." Social Problems 40(1): 5-24, 1993.
October 18 Biodiversity: Conservation or Preservation?
Reading required:
Hurlbut, David. "Fixing the Biodiversity Convention: Toward a Special Protocol for Related Intellectual Property." Natural Resources Journal 34(2): 379-409, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Fowler, Carey and Pat Mooney. Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity. Tuscon: The University of Arizona Press, 1990.
Murphy, Dennis. "Challenges to Biological Diversity in Urban Areas." Pp. 71-76 in E.O. Wilson and Francis Peter (eds.), Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988.
October 20 Biodiversity or Biotechnology?
Reading required:
Reid, Walter V. "The Economic Realities of Biodiversity." Issues in Science and Technology 10(2): 48-55, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Fowler, Carey and Pat Mooney. Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity. Tuscon: The University of Arizona Press, 1990.
Sagoff, Mark. 1988. "Biotechnology and the Environment: What is the Risk?" Agriculture and Human Values. 137(Summer): 26-35, 1988.
October 23 Tropical Deforestation and the Human Population
Reading required:
Hecht, Susana B. "The Logic of Livestock and Deforestation in Amazonia." Bioscience 43(November): 687-695, 1993.
Reading suggested:
Rudel, Thomas K. Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Tucker, Richard P. "The Depletion of India's Forests Under British Imperialism: Planters, Foresters, and Peasants in Assam and Kerala." Pp. 128-140 in Donald Worster (ed.), The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Fearnside, Phillip M. "Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: The Rate and Causes of Forest Destruction." The Ecologist. 19(6): 214-218, 1988.
October 25 Tropical Deforestation and Biodiversity
Reading required:
Fowler, Carey and Pat Mooney. Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity. Tuscon: The University of Arizona Press, 1990, Chapter 5.
Reading suggested:
Uhl, Christopher. "Restoration of Degraded Land in the Amazon Basin." Pp. 326-332 in E.O. Wilson and Francis Peter (eds.), Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988.
Lugo, Ariel. "Estimating Reductions in the Diversity of Tropical Forest Species." Pp. 58-69 in E.O. Wilson and Francis Peter (eds.), Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988.
October 27 Environment and Population: Neo-Malthusianism
Reading required:
Bongaarts, John. "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American March: 36- 42, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Meffe, Gary K., Anne H. Ehrlich, and David Ehrenfeld. "Human Population Control: The Missing Agenda." Conservation Biology 7(1): 1-3, 1993.
Ehrlich, Paul R. and Anne H. Ehrlich. The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
October 30 Environment and Population: Conservatives and Liberals
Reading required:
Bartlett, Albert A. "Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment." Population and Environment 16(1): 5-35, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Dunlap, Riley. "Ecologist vs. Exemptionalist: The Ehrlich-Simon Debate." Social Science Quarterly 64:200-203, 1983.
November 1 A Question of Aid
Reading required:
Henson, Paul. "Population Growth, Environmental Awareness, and Policy Direction." Population and Environment 15(4): 265-277, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Meadows, Donella, Dennis L. Meadows, and Jrgen Randers. Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future. Post Mills: Chelsea Green Publishing Company,
1992.
November 3 Environment, Poverty and Development
Reading required:
Stutz, Bruce. "The Landscape of Hunger." Audubon 95(2): 54-63,
1993.
Mellor, John W. "Environmental Problems and Poverty." Environment 30(9): 9-13, 28-30, 1988.
Reading suggested:
Keyfitz, Nathan. "The Growing Human Population." Pp. 61-72 in Managing Planet Earth: Readings from Scientific American Magazine. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1990.
November 6 Environment, Technology and Development
Reading required:
Crosson, Pierre and Norman J. Rosenberg. "Strategies for Agriculture." Pp. 73-83 in Managing Planet Earth: Readings from Scientific American Magazine. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1990.
MacNeill, Jim. "Strategies for Sustainable Economic Development." Pp. 109-123 in Managing Planet Earth: Readings from Scientific American Magazine. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1990.
Reading suggested:
Senanayake, Ranil. "The Ecological, Energetic, and Agronomic Systems of Ancient and Modern Sri Lanka." Pp. 227-307 in GordonDouglass (ed.), Agricultural Sustainability in a Changing World Order. Boulder: Westview Press, 1984.
November 8 Guest Speaker: John Dennis, "Greenway/Corridor Strategies for Enhancing
Biodiversity Conservation and Refugee Protection."
Reading required: To be announced
November 10 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2
November 13 Human Dimensions of Global Ecosystems
Reading required:
Dunlap, Riley E., George H. Gallup and Alec M. Gallup. "Of Global Concern: Results of the Planetary Survey." Environment 35(9): 7-39, 1993.
Caldwell, Lynton. "Globalizing Environmentalism: Threshold of a New Phase in International Relations." Pp. 63-76 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
November 15 Science, Technology and Climate Change
Reading required:
Schneider, Stephen H. "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science 263: 341-347, 1994.
Victor, David G. and Julian E. Salt. "Managing Climate Change." Environment 36(10): 7-15, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Bierbaum, Rosina and Robert M. Friedman. "The Road to Reduced Carbon Emissions." Issues in Science and Technology 8(2): 58-65, 1991.
White, Robert M. "The Great Climate Debate." Scientific American 263(1): 36-42, 1990.
Kasprzyk, Leszek. "Science and Technology Policy and Global Change." Social Science Journal 41: 433-439, 1989.
White, David C., et al. "The New Team: Electricity Sources Without Carbon Dioxide." Technology Review 95(1): 42-50, 1992.
Wynne, Brian. "The Institutional Context of Science, Models and Policy: The IIASA Energy Study." Policy Sciences 17: 277-320, 1984.
November 17 Hot Enough for You
Reading required:
Broecker, Wallace S. "Global Warming on Trial." Natural History April: 6-14, 1992.
Singer, Fred S. "Warming Theories Need Warning Label." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 48(5): 34-39, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Leggett, Jeremy. "Global Warming: The Worst Case." The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 48(5): 28- 33, 1992.
November 20 Human Dimensions of Ozone Depletion
Reading required:
Stewart, Richard B. "Comprehensive and Market-Based Approaches to Global Change Policy." Pp. 24-37 in John M. Reilly and Margot Anderson (eds.), Economic Issues in Global Climate Change: Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Morrisette, Peter M. "The Evolution of Policy Responses to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion." Natural Resources Journal 29: 794-820, 1989.
Young, Orin. "The Politics of International Regime Formation: Managing Natural Resources and the Environment." International Organization 43(3): 349-375, 1989.
November 27 Environmental Implications of Free Trade
Reading required:
Costanza, Robert, John Audley, Richard Borden, Paul Ekins, Carl Folke, Silvio O. Funtowicz, and Jonathan Harris. "Sustainable Trade: A New Paradigm for World Welfare." Environment 37(9): 16-39.
Bhagwati, Jagdish. "The Case for Free Trade." Scientific American November: 42-49, 1993.
Daly, Herman E. "The Perils of Free Trade." Scientific American November: 50-57, 1993.
Reading suggested:
Durwood, Zaelke, Paul Orbuch, and Robert F. Housman (eds.), Trade and the Environment: Law, Economics, and Policy. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993.
November 29 Policies for Global Environmental Protection
Reading required:
O'Riordan, Timothy, William C. Clark, Robert W. Kates, and Alan McGowan. "The Legacy of Earth Day: Reflections at a Turning Point." Environment 37(3): 7-15, 1995.
Reading suggested:
Schneider, Stephen H. "The Whole Earth Dialogue." Issues in Science and Technology 4(3): 93-99, 1988.
Tucker, Richard P. and John F. Richards. "The Global Economy and Forest Clearance in the Nineteenth Century." Pp. 577-585 in Kendall E. Bailes (ed.), Environmental History: Critical Issues in Comparative Persepective. Lanham: University Press of America, 1985.
Hardin, Garrett. "The Tragedy of the Commons." Science 162: 1243-1248, 1968.
December 1 Environmentalism and the Sociology of Values
Reading required:
Gowdy, John M. "Progress and Environmental Sustainability." Environmental Ethics 16: 41-55, 1994.
Reading suggested:
Dunlap, Riley E. and William R. Catton, Jr. "Struggling with Human Exemptionalism: The Rise, Decline and Revitalization of Environmental Sociology." American Sociologist 25(1): 5-30, 1994.
Stern, Paul C., Thomas Dietz and J. Stanley Black. "Support for Environmental Protection: The Role of Moral Norms." Population and Environment 8(3/4): 204-207, 1986.
Giddens, Anthony. "Fundamental Concepts of Sociology." Pp. 145-168 in Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
White, Lynn Jr. "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis." Science 155(3767): 1203-1207, 1967.
December 4 The Dominant Social Paradigm
Reading required:
Rees, William E. "The Ecology of Sustainable Development." The Ecologist 20(1): 18-23, 1990
Reading suggested:
Dorfman, Robert. "An Economist's View of Natural Resource and Environmental Problems." Pp. 67-95 in Robert Repetto (ed.), The Global Possible. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
Smith, Robert J. "Privatizing the Environment." Journal of Labor Research 3: 11-50, 1982.
Calton, William R, Jr. and Riley E. Dunlap. "A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology." American Behavioral Scientist 24(1):15-47, 1980.
December 6 The New Environmental Paradigm
Reading required:
Gigliotti, Larry M. "Environmental Issues: Cornell Students' Willingness to Take Action, 1990." The Journal of Environmental Education 26(1): 34-42, 1994.
Dunlap, Riley E., "Trends in Public Opinion Toward Environmental Issues: 1965-1990." Pp. 89-116 in Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig (eds.), American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
Reading suggested:
Paehlke, Robert C. "Environmental Values and Democracy: The Challenges of the Next Century." Pp. 349-367 in Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft (eds.), Environmental Policy in the 1990's: Toward a New Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press,
1994.
Watts, Nicholas and Geoffrey Wandesforde-Smith. "Postmaterial Values and Environmental Policy Change." Pp. 29-42 in Dean E. Mann (ed.), Environmental Policy Formation: The Impacts of Values, Ideology, and Standards. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1981.
Dunlap Riley E. and Kent VanLiere. "The New Environmental Paradigm." Journal of Environmental Education 9(4): 10-19.
December 8 Toward an Alternative Paradigm
Reading required:
Kates, Robert W. "Sustaining Life on the Earth." Scientific American
October: 114-122, 1994.
To be announced FINAL EXAMINATION
All materials copyright editor(s).
Geography 350gm: 'Race' and Environmentalism
MW 2:00 pm, 345 Kaprielian Hall
Instructor: Laura Pulido
Office & Phone: 414 Kaprielian Hall, 740-8048 (Geog.dept.740- 0050)
Office Hours:M 11:00 am, W 3:30 pm, and by appt.
Required Texts: Pulido, Course Reader (available from The Copy House
3399 S. Hoover- same building as JEP)
Mann, L.A.'s Lethal Air (available from Univ.Bookstore)
This course fulfills the Empirical Approaches requirement by introducing the student to the questions and methods of social scientists. It explores the kinds of questions social scientists ask, how they conceptualize those questions, how they investigate them, and the kinds of conclusions that are drawn from them. This course fulfills the Diversity Requirement because it looks at human differences, in particular, race and class, ad how they impact different groups' exposure to environmental problems, as well as how they intersect with environmentalism as a social movement and in terms of policy.
SCOPE OF THE COURSE
Within recent years the environmental movement in the U.S. has been challenged by racial-ethnic minorities, which has created changes in both the movement and the kinds of issues it addresses. Minorities have responded not only to their historical exclusion from the mainstream environmental movement, but also to the fact that they are disproportionately impacted by various forms of pollution. This course explores the relationship between environmentalism and racial/ethnic minorities and how we go about investigating such relationships. In addition to focusing on environmental and racial politics in the United States, we also examine the various tools which are used to make specific arguments regarding racial relationships, and what the political implications are of those decisions and forms of analysis.
The course is divided into three sections., The first part is devoted to understanding ideas of 'race' and class and how they intersect with environmentalism. We will loot at the idea of 'race' itself, paying special attention to how it compares to the idea of ethnicity. What is race? Why is it a central axis of division in our society? What is racism? How has it changed over time? What is the difference between race, ethnicity, and class in understanding people's oppression as well as their mobilization? How is methodology important in how we conceptualize and approach questions of 'race'? We will also look at many notions and uses of class. How does one 's definition of class influence one's methodology? How are class and race differentiated in various analyses? Is this a meaningful differentiation? Also in this section we will focus on the history of the mainstream environmental movement, as well as the rise of the environmental justice movement. We will examine how history is constructed and how "other" histories are erased.
The second part of the course is devoted to different forms of environmental inequality. Included are the disproportionate exposure of minorities to environmental hazards, their exclusion from the mainstream movement and decision-making circles, risk assessment, workplace issues and natural resource policy. This section will explore the various methodologies used to determine patterns of "environmental racism", including both quantitative and qualitative methods. What are the strengths of the various methods? The weaknesses? What do they really tell us? What are the implications of their usage?
The final part of the course will explore the political implications of racially-based definitions of environmental problems and proposed solutions, while placing these ideas into a larger political context. Here we will consider the problems of movement building, the relationship between policy interventions and grassroots movements, and the rise of internationalization.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Evaluation for the class will be based on three criteria: exams, assignments, class attendance and participation.
1. Exams Three in-class examinations will be required. All of the exams will be blue-book essay exams based on both lectures and readings and will consist of five essay questions. The third exam will be during finals week and will not be comprehensive in nature. Each exam will be worth a possible 50 points.
FINAL EXAM: Wednesday, May 10, 2:00 pm
2. Assignments Three methodologies projects will be required of each student, although one will be a group project. The first and third assignments will focus on qualitative methods while the second is more quantitative and spatial.
1. The first assignment investigates how different conceptualizations of an idea or problem can lead to different assessments and forms of analyses. Students will be required to critically read and analyze two texts addressing the question of 'race'. This assignment should be approximately six pages, typed, double-spaced. It is worth a possible 45 points.
DUE DATE: February 15, 2:00 pm
2. The second assignment is a group project. Each group will be required to map out a particular hazard or environmental phenomena in Los Angeles county. Students will be required to compare environmental data(provided by the instructor) to census data and then analyze the results. The final product should be both a series of maps and a written analysis of your findings of approximately 3-4 pages. You will receive a collective group grade for this assignment. It is worth a possible 45 points.
DUE DATE: March 29, 2:00 pm
3. The third assignment requires that you interview someone involved in an environmental issue. The respondent can be a community activist, a bureaucrat, a developer, or a concerned citizen. You must contact the individual, set-up an appointment, develop a list of questions, interview the individual, and then analyze your results. In addition to writing up your analysis of the interview, you should also address your role as an interviewer and assess interviews as a methodological technique. This paper should be approximately six pages, typed, double- spaced. It is worth a possible 45 points.
DUE DATE: May 1, 2:00 pm
Notice: Only typed, double-spaced work will be accepted. No late will be accepted. If you miss an exam, a take-home will be assigned will be (it won't be pretty)
3. Attendance Consistent class attendance and participation is required both in lecture and in the discussion session. Role will not be taken but your overall participation and attendance will be factored into your grade. Attendance and participation are worth a possible 15 points.
Note: Students have the opportunity to and are encouraged to participate in the Joint Educational Project (JEP). Participating students will be required to prepare and present a 'mini-course' based on course material. Students who complete the program will be given 15-20 extra credit points, depending on their evaluation.
Evaluation
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SOC 260: ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
J.Timmons Roberts,Assistant Professor,Department of Sociology
Office: 220g Newcomb Hall, Office Hours tues/thurs,1:45-3:45 pm. or by appt. other times
telephone: 865-5820; email:timmons@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu
Teaching Assistant: Lesley Williams-Reid; Office:213 Newcomb.
Office Hours: M/W 10-11 am; Leave Message at 865- 5820(emaillreid@)
There is a growing awareness that in order to understand and solve the dire environmental problems facing our planet we need to examine the underlying social, psychological, political and economic forces driving human behavior. In this course we will examine the rapidly growing field of Environmental Sociology, which brings the sociological perspective and sociological methods of analysis to this broadly cross-disciplinary topic. Topics will include global, local and individual level causes and effects of environmental change.
In this course we'll seek beginnings to answers to a series of questions I think (and hope you'll agree) are important and fascinating. First, how do people respond to finding out their neighborhood or workplace is contaminated with toxic chemicals? What are the main currents and changes in the U.S. environmental movement? That is, how do large mainstream national and international organizations like the Sierra Club and World Wildlife Fund differ in goals, membership and methods from small grassroots organizations such as those called NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) groups? What started the environmental racism/environmental justice movements, and what is their relationship to the mainstream environmental groups? What are the motivations and actions of radical environmentalists? How do worker struggles for safety on the job compare to environmental movements, and why haven't unions and environmentalists cooperated very often? How do environmental struggles in the U.S. differ from ones in other nations? Who are the players in the struggle over control of the Amazon rain forest? Everyone says they care about the environment, but how far are they willing to go? That is, how could we measure the general public's level of concern for the environment? Finally, in larger terms, how do our society and the economy interact with the environment? Can America and capitalism globally move to a more sustainable relationship with the environment which supports it? Can capitalism become sustainable? To avoid falling into an excessively U.S.- centered approach, we will combine discussions of environmental sociology and U.S. movements with case studies and theoretical efforts from other countries, especially Latin America and the developing world.
To cover this wide range of topics a substantial amount of preparation outside of class is REQUIRED. The reading load is approximately 80-120 pages a week. I have selected a series of six books and one evolving additional electronic source:
1. Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig(eds.). 1992. American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement 1970-1990. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis ISBN 0-8448-1730-9
2. Charles L. Harper. 1996. Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Upper Saddle River,NJ:Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-669086(pbk.)
3. Steve Fox. 1991. Toxic Work: Women Workers at GTE Lenkurt. Philadelphia: Temple Univ.Press. ISBN 0-87722895- 7(pbk.)
4. Chico Mendes/Tony Gross. 1989. Fight for the Forest: Chico Mendes in His Own Words. London: Latin America Bureau. ISBN 0- 906156-68-8
5. Michael Edelstein. 1988. Contaminated Communities. Boulder: Westview. ISBN 0-8133-7657-2
6. April A.Smith an SEAC. 1993. Campus Ecology: A Guide to Assessing Environmental Quality and Creating Strategies for Change. Los Angeles: Living Planet Press. ISBN 1-879326-19-1.
7. An on-line discussion will parallel this course, and I know many of you will want to participate/listen in. Occasional postings will include campus and community events concerning the environment, late-breaking stories, topics we didn't get to in class, questions for future class or on-line discussions, an so on. To join the discussion group, first get a computer account at TCS in Richardson Hall. Then learn e-mail from someone and send a message to: majordomo with only the text SUBSCRIBE ENVIROSOC You will soon begin receiving mail from everyone else in the group and anyone who's subscribed can post mail to the address.
<envirosoc@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu>and it will go to all other subscribers. I ask those subscribed to not post too frivolously but to feel free enough to try out some ideas on there.
Your requirements are preparation, attendance, participation in discussions, debates, hearings and our class project, 4 of the 5 short discussion papers, and two exams. Participation in our on-line discussion is purely optional but will be interesting. Attendance: missing classes will make it difficult to keep you and to participate, YOU MUST KEEP UP WITH THE READINGS AND COME PREPARED TO OUR MEETINGS.
On the Discussion Papers: The class will be divided into three groups which will alternate weeks preparing short papers on the reading. These type-written, single-spaced papers are due by class on Tuesday. Be sure to keep one copy. The discussion papers should include 5 parts: 1. a one-paragraph introduction saying which readings you'll be discussing, why, and where your argument will take us. Raise our interest with an initial paradox or question.2. a very brief (concise) summary of the central points or arguments the author(s) presents[2-4 paragraphs].4. a brief assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the author's central argument [2-4 paragraphs]. Without being authorities, comment here on whether the author's evidence really supports what they set out to do and their conclusions. How does their viewpoint color the interpretations they make? Say why you agree or disagree with their project and conclusions. Finally, 5. Provide two discussion questions related to the readings. One should be a lingering question for you, and the other a question that will promote class discussion.
I will calculate final grades roughly as follows: four discussion papers (30%), mid-term and final take-home exams (30%), debate/hearings participation an summary statements (5% each, 10% for the Tulane environmental audit [20% total]), and class participation (20%), which includes participation in the four in-class debates ]about 10%] and evidence that you're keeping up with the readings. Pop quizzes are possible if it appears that people are not keeping up with the reading. I hope that we can build an exciting, fun and open forum here for all to participate. That means everyone helping by allowing others to talk, not dominating the discussions, and encouraging differences of opinion. I do not expect you to agree with me: I hope you'll stand up for what you think (I will not penalize you). Also, don't worry about asking what you might consider a naive or "stupid" question--others are probably also wondering the same thing. Because the class comes from diverse backgrounds and trainings, we need to be aware that some will need basic background information to bring them into the group. Stay tuned-in: some of these basic reviews will contain information you thought you knew...but didn't. I expect students to learn each other's names, and treat each other with respect.
SOC 260: ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
Calendar, Spring 1997
Date Discussions Papers Due: Readings Due:
Week 1: Introduction to the Course: The Newcomb Hall Scandal
Jan.16 Readings: none, but start other readings as soon as possible; split up into class into ABC groups
Week 2: Responding to the News that your Community, School or Workplace is Contaminated
Jan. 21 [Group A] Tuesday: Edelstein Chapters 1 and 2;
Jan. 23 Thurs: A SENATE-TYPE HEARING on a Hazardous Site, between Students, Environmentalists, Residents and Local Government Officials (see handout [Group C are the Senators: who hear arguments, raise questions and vote]. Hand in formal statements at the hearing. Bring two copies.
Reading: Edelstein Chapter 3
Week 3: Understanding Different Levels of How People Respond to the News Cognitive Adjustment, Individual and Family Impacts, Government Reaction, Community Response
Jan 28 [Group B] Tues. Edelstein Chapters 4 and 5
Jan 30 Thurs: In class: begin discussing/planning campus audit; Reading: Edelstein Chapters 6,7 and 8
Week 4: Understanding Environmental Problems and their Social Roots Measuring Our Impact
Feb.4 [Group C] Tuesday: Environmental Problems and Ecosystems; Harper Chapters 1 and 2 (Quick quiz on readings for today)
Feb. 6 Thursday: Measuring our Society's and our School's Impacts; Harper, Chapter 3; Smith ix-xxii [CLASS PROJECT START: Class divides up into task forces for Campus Audit: 1. Solid Waste; 2. Hazardous/Radioactive Substances; 3. Waste water/Storm Runoff; 4. Energy Use; 5. Food;6.Procurement;7.Investing/Business/Research Ties. These task forces will work through the end of the semester developing their audit report section on "How Green Is Tulane?"]
Week 4.5: Mardi Gras/and Measuring Our Impact continued
Feb.11: Mardi Gras: enjoy without hurting anyone!
Feb.13: Campus Audit work/planning/activity session;Reading:Smith entire book.
Weeks 5 and 6 Sociology of the Environmental Movement in the U.S.
Feb.18[Group A] Tuesday: Short Videos: Discourse of National and Local Environmental Groups Readings: Dunlap and Mertig Preface and Chapter 1: "The Evolution of the U.S.Environmental Movement from 1970 to 1990: An Overview." Mitchell, Mertig and Dunalap: "Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization: Trends Among national Environmental Organizations." (Dunlap and Mertig; Chapter 2); Brulle (availability TBA: either on reserve or electronically available) [divide class into Environmental Groups for debate]
Feb.20 Thursday: NIMBYS, Grassroots, and Radical Environmentalism, Environmental Racism and the Environmental Justice Movements; Readings: Nicholas Freudenberg and Carol Steinsapir" Not in Our Backyards: The Grassroots Environmental Movement;"(Dunlap an Mertig Chapter 3); Bullard and Wright: "The Quest for Environmental Equity: Mobilizing the African- American Community for Social Change.'(Dunlap and Mertig Chapter 4) Dunlap and Mertig Chapter 5. Devall "Deep Ecology and and Radical Environmentalism."
February 21,22,23:Louisiana Environment Conference: Tulane Law School, don't miss this! Includes excellent field trips)
Feb.25 [Group B] Tuesday: Guest speaker:Darrel Malek-Wiley, Sierra Club, Louisiana Michael McCloskey: "Twenty Years of Change in the Environmental Movement: An Insider's View." (Dunlap and Mertig: Chapter 7)
Feb. 27 Thursday: DEBA/Simulation:which environmental groups are most effective and important? [Update on Tulane Green Audits]
Week 7: Global Environmental Change: Human Dimensions/Local Roots
Mar.4[Group C] Tuesday: Harper, Chap.4
Mar.6 Thursday: Overpopulation: THE problem, or NOT a problem? Harper, Ch.5
Week 8: Global Issues II: Energy and Global Equity
Mar. 11 [Group A] Tuesday: Energy and Society; Read Harper, Chap.6
Mar. 13 Thursday: In-class simulation: Global Change: Who should reduce consumption/emissions? Who should pay? [Campus Audit progress reports due]
Week 9: How Do You Measure Public Support for Environmental Concerns?
Mar. 18 [Group B] Tuesday: Readings: Riley E. Dunlap: "Trends in Public Opinion Toward Environmental Issues: 1965-1990." (Dunlap and Mertig Chapter 8);
Mar.20 Thursday: Mid-Term EXAM (readings and lectures, debates up to this point)
Spring Break: March 25, 27, No Class, Enjoy Sanely
Week 10: The Expanding Economic System and the Environment: Is Sustainability Possible? Is it Jobs Vs. the Environment?
Apr.1 [Group C] Tuesday: Harper, Chapter 7
Apr.3 Thursday: In-class simulation of bargaining between states for the siting of a Japanese film and plastics company. Reading Harper, Chapter 9, 10
Week 11: A Case Study: Social and Environmental Crises and Struggles in the Brazilian Amazon
Apr.8 [All Groups] Tuesday: Fight for the Forest (whole book)
Apr. 10 Thursday: In class simulation: stake holder groups in the Amazon conflict. Reading: Dunlap and Mertig Chapter 6: Caldwell: "Globalizing Environmentalism: Threshold of a New Phase in International Relations."
Week 12 The Social Change Over Occupational Risks: How do People Perceive Workplace Dangers and Why? What Can Workers Do?
Apr. 15 [Group A] Tuesday: Steve Fox book: Toxic Work, Chapters 1,2
Apr. 17 Thursday: Toxic Work Ch.3,4 Films: "Out of Control;" Stepan Chemical" [Speaker?]
Earth Day 1997: Tulane Audit: How Green Is the Green Wave?
Apr.22 Tues: Final PRESENTATIONS of task forces [all groups participate]: How Green is the Green Wave? What would have to change for our university to be more "sustainable?" [Take-Home Exam Questions Distributed]
Weeks 13/14: Race and Class Inequality and Exposures on the Job, The "Right to Know," Stress and Exposures
Apr. 24 [Group B,C,] Thursday: Toxic Work Ch.5,6
Apr. 29 Tuesday: In-class Debate on Workplace Exposures; Read Toxic Work Ch.7,8, Conclusion
EXAM PERIOD (May 5-13: 1pm): One hour in-class (not comprehensive, only on the material since the mid-term exam). The remainder of the exam period may be used to present our Tulane Environmental Audit to an appropriate audience. Your take-home tests are DUE at the end of the exam period (5 pm). Congratulations on completing the course. Note: Additional Good Further Readings for those interested in pursuing some topics further are available.
All materials copyright editor(s).
SOC 534 - Seminar: Energy, and Society
Instructor: Gene Rosa, Department of Sociology, Washington State
University
Office 238 Wilson Hall, Telephones: Office 335-4621, Home:
332-8924
BACKGROUND
Because it is one of the fundamental requisites of survival,
energy plays a vital role in shaping nearly all facets of the
social world. Lifestyles, broad patterns of communication and
interaction, collective activities, and key features of social
structure and change are conditioned by the availability of
energy, the technical means for converting energy into useful
forms, and the ways energy is ultimately used. Furthermore,
energy is a central link--perhaps THE central link between the
physical world (the biosphere and its resources) and the world of
social structure, interaction, and behavior. Despite these
truisms, and despite a long, albeit sporadic, history of attempts
to understand how energy articulates between the physical and
social worlds we have a far from perfect understanding of this
relationship.
The need for a deeper understanding of the relationship has been
brought into sharper focus recently by several key events: (1)
growing awareness of the declining availability of fossil fuels,
(2) geopolitical complications in ensuring access to available
fossil fuels, (3) controversies over alternative energy
technologies, (4) debates over the democratic governance and
public acceptability of energy technology risks, and (5) revived
understanding of the role played by energy demands in
contributing to global climate change and other environmental
problems. The general goal of this seminar, then, is to develop
an appreciation of the importance of the energy-society link: to
gain insights into the energy predicament facing all societies
and into the challenges this poses for developing politically
acceptable and environmentally sustainable strategies.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Three instrumental objectives will be followed to achieve the
course goal: (1) reading a diverse, multidisciplinary literature;
(2) acquiring a fundamental understanding of the physical laws
governing energy; (3) developing an orientation toward empirical
research on energy or related topics.
REQUIREMENTS
Regular attendance at seminar and timely completion of readings.
Preparation of very brief (2-3 pages) critiques of selected
readings. Graduate Students: After consultation with the
instructor on an acceptable topic, the preparation of a research
proposal to be presented in seminar. Undergraduate Students:
Preparation of a research report according to the guidelines
provided on a separate sheet.
REQUIRED READINGS
(1) Buchanan, R. A. (1992) The Power of the Machine: The Impact
of Technology from 1700 to the Present
New York: Penguin Books .
(2) *Rosa, Eugene and Gary Machlis (1983) "Energetic Theories of
Society: An Evaluative Review." Sociological Inquiry, 53:152-178 .
(3) Ashton, T.S. (1969 [1948]) The Industrial Revolution.
London: Oxford U. Press .
(4) Hughes, Thomas P. (1989) American Genesis: A Century of
Invention and Technological Enthusiasm. New York: Penguin
Books .
(5) *Costanza, Robert. (1980) "Embodied Energy and Economic
Valuation." Science 210:1219-1224/
(6) *Lovins, Amory B. (1976) "Energy Strategy: The Road Not
Taken." Foreign Affairs 55:65-96
(7) *Peskin, Henry M. "Alternative Environmental and Resource
Accounting Approach." Pp. 176-193 in Robert Costanza (ed.)
Ecological Economics. New York: Columbia U. Press (1991).
(8) *Mazur, Allan and Eugene Rosa. (1974) "Energy and Lifestyle:
Cross-national Comparison of Energy Consumption and Quality of
Life, Science186:607-610.
(9) *Rosa, Eugene A. and Rose Krebill-Prather. (1995) "Mapping
Cross-National Trends in Carbon Releases and Societal Well-Being,". working draft, Department of Sociology, Washington
State U.
(10) Harrison, Paul. The Third Revolution: Population,
Environment and A Sustainable World.
New York: Penguin (1992).
(11) *Thomas Dietz and Eugene A. Rosa. "Rethinking the
Environmental Impacts of Population, Affluence and
Technology." Human Ecology Review 1:277-300 (1994).
(12) *Thomas Dietz and Eugene A. Rosa. "The Influence of
Population and Affluence on CO2 Emissions." (Working Draft, 1995).
(13) *Stern, Paul C. (1986) "Blind Spots in Policy Analysis: What Economics Doesn't Say About Energy
Use." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 5:200-27.
(14) *Lutzenhiser, Loren. (1993) "Social and Behavioral Aspects of Energy Use" Annual
Review of Energy and the Environment, 18:247-89.
(15)*Lutzenhiser, Loren. (1994) "Sociology, Energy and Interdisciplinary Environmental
Science." The American Sociologist, 25:58-79 (1994).
(16)*Kempton, Willett and Laura Montgomery. (1982) "Folk Quantification of Energy."
Energy, 7:817-27 (1982).
(17)*Kempton, Willett. (1986) "Two Theories of Home Heat Control." Cognitive Science,
10:75-90.
(18) *Pris, Gwynn. (1992) "Condis and Coolth." (with critiques by Blumstein, de Dear, Stern,
Hackett, Rosa, and Cowan & Prins' reply) Energy and Buildings 18:251-68
(19)*Hackett, Bruce and Loren Lutzenhiser. (1987) "Shelf Life: An Inquiry into What and
Who Can Be Found in Your Refrigerator." Home Energy 3(3):17-19 (1987).
(20)*Lutzenhiser, Loren. (1992) "A Cultural Model of Household Energy Consumption."
Energy-The International Journal, 17:47-60 (1992)
(21)*Coltrane, Scott, Dane Archer, and Elliot Aronson. (1986) "The Social-Psychological
Foundations of Successful Energy Conservation Programmes." Energy Policy 14:133-48 (1986).
(22)*Vine, Ed. (1993) Social Dimensions of Program Evaluation. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory
(23)*Lutzenhiser, Loren and Bruch Hackett. (`1993) ."Social Stratification and Environmental
Degradation: Understanding Household CO2 Production." Social Problems, 40:50-73 (1993).
(24)*Higgins, Lorie and Loren L. Lutzenhiser. (1995)
"Ceremonial Equity: Low Income Energy Assistance and the Failure of Socio-Environmental Policy." Social Problems. (forthcoming, 1995)
(25)*Illich, Ivan. (1974) "Energy and Equity" in Toward a History of Needs. New York:
Harper and Row.
(26)*Durning, A. (1991) "Asking How Much Is Enough" pp. 153-169 in State of the World
1991. New York: W.W. Norton.
(27)*Flavin, Christopher. (1993) "Jump Start: The New Automotive Revolution." World
Watch 1993 6(4):27-33.
(28)*Lovins, Amory and L. Hunter Lovins. (1995) "Reinventing the Wheels." Atlantic
Monthly, 275(1):75-93.
(29)*Lutzenhiser, Loren. (1994) "Innovation and Organizational Networks: Barriers to Energy
Efficiency in the U.S. Housing Industry." Energy Policy 22:657-665.
(30)*Shove, Elizabeth. (n.d.) "Gaps, Barriers and Conceptual Chasms: Theories of
Technology Transfer and Energy in Buildings." University of Sunderland.
*These readings are available in the Soc 534 copy drawer in the Sociology Department. COURSE TOPICS
I. Introduction to the Laws of Thermodynamics
Required: Handouts
Recommended:
Campbell, Jeremy. (1982) Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life.
New York: Simon and Schuster.
Mott-Smith, Morton. (1964) The Concept of Energy Simply Explained. New York:
Dover.
Prigogine, Ilya and Isabelle Stengers. (1984) Order Out of Chaos. New York: Bantam
Books.
Rifkin, Jeremy. (1989) Entropy: Into the Greenhouse World. New York: Bantam Books.
Ross, Marc H. and Robert H. Williams. (1981) Our Energy: Regaining Control. New
York: Mc-Graw-Hill.
II. Energy, Social Evolution, and Progress
Required: (1) Buchanan
(2) Rosa & Machlis
Recommended:
Adams, Richard N. (1988) The Eighth Day. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Adams, Richard N. (1975) Energy and Structure: A Theory of Social Power. Austin:
University of Texas Press.
Bassalla, George. (1979) "Energy and Civilization," EPRI Journal, July/August.
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson. (1985) Culture and Evolutionary Process.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bronowski, Jacob. (1973) The Ascent of Man. Boston: Little and Brown.
Burns, Tom R. and Thomas Dietz. 1992. "Cultural Evolution: Social Rule Systems,
Selection and Agency," International Sociology, 7:259-283.
Bury, J.B. (1960 [1932]) The Idea of Progress. New York: Dover.
Burke, James (1985) The Day the Universe Changed. Boston: Little and Brown.
Catton, William R., Jr. (1980) Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary
Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
#Cottrell, Fred. (1970 [1955]) Energy and Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Deleage, Jean-Claude and Daniel Hemery. In the Servitude of Power: Energy and
Civilization Through the Ages. London: Zed Books (1991 [1986]).
Eldridge, Niles and Stephen J. Gould. (1972) "Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to
Phyletic Gradualism." Pp. 82-115 in Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.). Models in
Paleobiology. San Francisco, CA: Freeman, Cooper and Co.
Fisher, George R. and Kenneth P. Werrell. (1978) "The Role of Energy in Cultural
Evolution," Journal of Geography, December.
Gould, Stephen J. and Niles Eldridge. (1977) "Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and
Mode of Evolution Reconsidered," Paleobiology, 3:115-51.
Johnson, Allen W. and Timothy Earle. (1987) The Evolution of Human Societies.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Nisbet, Robert. (1980) History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books.
#Olsen, Marvin E. "A Socioecological Perspective on Social Evolution," Pp. 35-68 in
Advances in Human Ecology. Greenich, CT: JAI Press.
Teune, Henry. (1988) Growth. Newberry Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Turner, Jonathan H. (1985) Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation. Beverly Hills,
CA: Sage Publications.
#White, Leslie. (1949) "Energy and the Evolution of Culture," in The Science of Culture.
New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
#Highly Recommended
III. History of Industrialization
Required: (3) Ashton
Recommended:
Bernal, J.D. (1970) Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington, IN:
Indiana University Press.
Braudel, Fernand (1979) Civilization & Capitalism, 15th-18th Century Three Volumes.
New York: Harper & Row.
Flinn, M.W. (1966) Origins of the Industrial Revolution. London: Longman.
#Heilbroner, Robert L. (1968) The Making of Economic Society, 2nd ed. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
#Hobsbawm, Eric. (1962) The Age of Revolution. New York: New American Library.
#Hobsbarm, Eric. (1968) Industry and Empire: The Making of Modern English Society
1750 to Present. New York. Pantheon Books.
#Highly Recommended
IV. America Industrializes and Electrifies
Required: (4) Hughes
Recommended:
Allen, E. (1979). Energy and Economic Growth in the United States. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
#Davis, David Howard. (1982) Energy Politics (3rd ed.). New York: St. Martin's
Press.
Hubbert, M. King. (1962) Energy Resources. Washington, DC: National Academy of
Sciences National Research Council, Publication 1000-D.
#Hughes, Thomas P. (1993) Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press.
Nye, David E. (1990) Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology.
Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press.
Schurr, Sam H. and Bruce C. Netscheret. (1960) Energy in the American Economy,
1850-1975. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins U. Press.
#Highly Recommended
V. Mathematics of Growth and Embodied Energy Accounting
Required: (5) Costanza, Handouts
Recommended:
Baran, Paul. (1968) The Political Economy of Growth. New York:
Modern Reader Paperback.
Clark, Mary E. 1989. "Energy and Exponentials." Chapter two in Ariadne's Thread.
New York: St. Martin's Press.
Daly, Herman E. (1977) Steady State Economics. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman.
Hawley, Amos H., Ed. (1979) Societal Growth: Processes and Impli-
cations. New York: Free Press.
Lapp, Ralph E. (1973) The Logarithmic Century. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Meadows, Donella H. et al. (1972) The Limits to Growth: A Report of
Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. NY: Universe.
Mesarovic, Mihjlo and Eduard E. Pestel. (1974) Mankind at the Turning
Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome. New York: Dutton.
Simon, Julian. (1981) The Ultimate Resource. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Teune, Henry (1988). Growth. Newberry Park, CA: Sage.
Thurow, Lester. (1980) The Zero-Sum Society: Distribution and
Possibilities for Economic Change. New York: Basic Books.
Wilson, Kenneth D., Ed. (1977) Prospects for Growth: Changing Expectations for the
Future. New York: Praeger.
VI. Alternative Visions and Energy Futures
Required: (6) Lovins
(7) Peskin
(8) Mazur & Rosa
(9) Rosa & Krebill-Prather
Recommended:
Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems (CONAES). (1979) Energy in
Transition, 1985-2010. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Darmstadter, Joel, Joy Dunkerly, and Jack Alterman. (1977). How Industrial Societies
Use Energy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Landsberg, Hans H., Ed. (1979) Energy: The Next Twenty Years. Cambridge, MA:
Ballinger Publishing Co.
Schipper, Lee and Allan J. Lichtenberg. (1976) "Efficient Energy Use and Wellbeing:
The Swedish Example," Science, 194-101-113.
Schurr, Sam H. et al. (1979) Energy in America's Future: The Choices Before Us.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
#Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. (1979) Energy Future. New York: Random
House.
#Highly Recommended
VII. Energy & Global Change: The Human Dimensions
Required: (10) Harrison
(11) Dietz and Rosa (1994)
(12) Dietz and Rosa (1995)
Recommended:
Boserup, Esther. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Chicago: Aldine.
Boserup, Esther. 1981. Population and Technological Change. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Commoner, Barry. 1992. Making Peace With Planet Earth. New York: The New Press.
Ehrlich, Paul K. and Anne H. Ehrlich. 1990. The Population Explosion. New York:
Simon and Schuster.
IPCC. Climate Change: The IPCC Responsive Strategies. 1991. World Meteorological
Organization/United Nations Program, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Washington, DC: Island Press.
#Olsen, Marvin E. "The Energy Consumption Turnaround and Socioeconomic
Well-being in Industrial Societies in the 1980s," Advances in Human Ecology,
1:197-234 (1992).
#Silver, Cheryl Simon and Ruth S. DeFries. 1990. One Earth, One Future: Our
Changing Global Environment.. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
#Stern, Paul C., Oran R. Young, and Daniel Druckman (eds.). Global Environmental
Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
#Highly Recommended
VIII. Efficiency I
Required: (13) Stern
(14) Lutzenhiser (1993)
(15) Lutzenhiser (1994)
Recommended:
Archer, Dane, Thomas Pettigrew, Mark Costanzo, Bonita Iritani, Iain Walker,
and Lawrence White (1984) "Energy Conservation and Public Policy:
The Mediation of Individual Behavior" in Energy Efficiency:
Perspectives on Individual Behavior, Willett Kempton & Max Neiman
eds. pp. 69-92 Washington, DC: ACEEE Press.
Farhar, Barbara (1993)Trends in Public Perceptions and Preferences on
Energy and Environmental Policy, Washington, DC: National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-461-4857.
#Fickett, Arnold P., Clark W. Gellings and Amory B. Lovins. (1990)
"Efficient Use of Electricity," Scientific American, 263:65-74.
Stern, Paul and Elliot Aronson, eds. (1984) Energy Use: The Human Dimension.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
#Highly Recommended
IX. Efficiency II
Required: (16) Kempton and Montgomery
(17) Kempton
(18) Prins
(19) Hackett & Lutzenhiser
(20) Lutzenhiser
Recommended:
Cramer, James, Nancy Miller, Paul Craig, Bruce Hackett, Thomas Dietz, et al. (1985)
"Social and Engineering Determinants and Their Equity Implications in
Residential Electricity Use." Energy 10/12:1283-91
Dillman, Don, Eugene Rosa and Joye Dillman, J. J. (1983) "Lifestyle and Home
Energy Conservation in the U.S." Journal of Economic Psychology
3:299-315
Hackett, Bruce and Loren Lutzenhiser (1990) "Social Stratification and Appliance
Saturation" ACEEE Proceedings, 2.61-2.68
Hackett, Bruce and Seymore Schwartz (1980) "Energy Conservation and Rural
Alternative Lifestyles." Social Problems, 28:165-78.
Katzev, Richard and Ted Johnson (1987) Promoting Energy Conservation: An
Analysis of Behavioral Research. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Lutzenhiser, Loren (1995) "Class, Race and Material Culture: Toward an Ecology of
Consumption in Industrial Society." Working paper, Washington State
University
Nader, Laura and S. Beckerman (1978) "Energy as it Relates to the Quality and Style
of Life." Annual Review of Energy, 3:1-28.
Newman, Dorothy and Dawn Day (1975) The American Energy Consumer.
Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Schipper, Lee, Andrea Ketoff and Adam Kahane (1985) "Explaining Residential
Energy Use by International Bottom-up Comparisons." Annual Review
of Energy, 10:341-405.
#Schipper, Lee, Sarita Bartlett, Dianne Hawk, Ed Vine (1989) "Linking Lifestyles to
Energy Use: A Matter of Time?" Annual Review of Energy, 14:273-318
Stern, Paul and S. Oskamp (1987). "Managing Scarce Environmental Resources," in
Handbook of Environmental Psychology, eds. D. Stokols, I. Altman.
New York: John Wiley and Sons
#Highly Recommended
.X. Contemporary Politics and Policy I
Required: (21) Coltrane et al.
(22) Vine
(23) Lutzenhiser and Hackett
(24) Higgins and Lutzenhiser
Recommended:
Cebon, Peter (1992) "Twixst Cup and Lip: Organizational Behavior,
Technical Prediction and Conservation Practice." Energy Policy,
20:802-14
Dethman, Linda, Donna Keane Bolwles and Keith Elder (1991) "Consider
the Culture: Lessons Learned from New Commercial Programs."
Energy Prog Eval Conf Proc, 462-467.
Lutzenhiser, Loren and Eugene Rosa (1995) "Structural Differentiation of
U.S. Household Energy Use and CO2 Emissions," by Loren
Lutzenhiser and Eugene Rosa, proposal to the National Science
Foundation, Human Dimensions of Global Change Program.
Prahl, Ralph and Jeff Schlegel (1993) "Evaluating Market Transformation."
Energy Prog Eval Conf Proc, 469-477.
Rothstein, Eric (1988) "Institutional Barriers to Data Collection and
Demand-side Management Program Evaluation: Practical Lessons in
Political Economy." ACEEE Proc, 9.140-9.151.
Spinney, Peter, Linda Dethman, David Jacobson and Donna Keane Bowles
(1991) "Organizational Barriers to the Implementation of Commercial
and Industrial DSM programs." Energy Prog Eval Conf Proc, 467-475.
#Stern, Paul, Elliot Aronson, John Darley, Daniel Hill, Eric Hirst, Willett
Kempton, and Thomas Wilbanks (1986) "The Effectiveness of
Incentives for Residential Energy-Conservation." Evaluation Review,
10:147-76
#Highly Recommended
XI. Contemporary Politics and Policy II
Required: (25) Illich
(26) Durning
(27) Flavin
(28) Lovins & Lovins
(29) Lutzenhiser
(30) Shove
Recommended:
Baumgartner, Thomas and Atle Midttun. (1987) The Politics of Energy
Forecasting: A Comparative Study of Energy Forecasting in Western
Europe and North America. Oxford: Clareson Press.
Farhar, Barbara C. (1991) "Toward a Sociology of Energy. Sociological
Practice Review 2:81-86.
Fujii, Haruyuki and Loren Lutzenhiser. (1992) "Japanese Residential Air
Conditioning Technology: Natural Cooling and Intelligent Systems."
Energy and Buildings, 18:221-34.
Lutzenhiser, Loren. (1992) "Modeling Energy Consumption: Social Contexts
and Social Myths," Presented at the Ann. meet. American Sociological
Association, Pittsburgh, PA
#Rosa, Eugene A., Gary E. Machlis, and Kenneth M. Keating. (1988)
"Energy and Society." Annual Review of Sociology 14:149-172.
Stern, Paul C. (1984) Improving Energy Demand Analysis.Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.
#Highly Recommended
All materials copyright editor(s).
Dr. Stuart A. Wright
Lamar University
Fall 1995
Office Hours: MWF 2-3
Office: 66 Maes Bldg tel: 880-8547Social Change and Social Movements
{Special Topic: The Environmental Crisis}
Sociology 434
This course is a special topics course in social change and social movements
focusing on the environmental movement. Social movements are primary vehicles of
social change outside of conventional channels or institutions. When rigid
governmental bureaucracies become unresponsive to public demands, people often seek
out unconventional methods and strategies for effectuating change. Citizen action
groups, community organizations and grass-roots activism form the foundations of
social movements that seek to gain public attention and put pressure on authorities
to make needed changes. In this course, we will analyze strategies of protest,
organization, recruitment, fund raising, lobbying, and gaining public awareness. In
a democratic society, these voluntary organizations work to garner popular
support. Public opinion is extremely important in electoral politics and social
movements vie to capture public opinion for their respective causes.
Grading Method
There will be three essay exams given during the semester. Each exam constitutes
one-fourth of your grade. You will be given a list of possible essay questions
several days before each exam. On the day o f the exam, I will choose which
questions I want you to answer. This method is very straightforward and does not
involve any surprises with regard to the kind of information I expect you to know.
If you are prepared, you should do well. The final fourth of your grade is based on
a term paper due the last week of class. The subject of the paper will be decided
in class. The paper must be typewritten (no exceptions), 10-12pp., adhering to ASA
standards of manuscript preparation (end notes, bibliography, grammar, ect.) As is
outlined in American Sociological Review in the February and August issues.
Attendance Policy
Class attendance and participation are minimal requirements. A seating chart will
be made on the second day of class and an attendee record will be kept. You
should not be surprised to learn that there is a strong statistical correlation
between achievement (measured by grades) and class attendance. Once your seating
assignment is made, you must remain in that seat for the rest of the semester.
Since your record will be maintained according to the chart, it's your
responsibility to remember your seating assignment. Attendance records are used to
determine borderline grade averages at the end of the semester. More than three
absences is considered delinquent. Students with more than four absences may be
dropped from class.
Make-Up Exam Policy
Students who cannot take an exam because of illness or death of an immediate family
member must contact me in advance of the exam to be excused. Students who simply
do not show up on the day of the exam are given unexcused absence and will not be
able to make-up the exam.
General Information
Sept. 30 is the last day to drop or withdraw and still receive a Q/W even if
failing the course. Nov. 10 is the last day to drop or withdraw for the semester.
Required Texts
R. Dunlap and A. Mertig, American Environmentalism.
R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality.
P. Brown and E. Mikkelson, No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia and Community
Action.
T. Goldfarb, Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Environmental Issues
(5th ed.).
All materials copyright editor(s).